Spires, Slots, and Folds Part I: Spires and Slots

My family routinely slides through slot canyons. While some of these are too tight for my tastes, all are an excuse to travel to exquisite desert terrain with people I love. Such was the purpose of an outing we took to Hanksville, a little town in southeastern Utah, last spring. Jason and I extended this trip to Torrey to celebrate our anniversary. It was the American Southwest for adventurous families at its finest.

If you aren’t a Utah native (We prefer the term Utahan.), you may not be familiar with the concept of a slot canyon. Slot canyons are formed over millions of years by water exploiting cracks or weaknesses in rock, typically through violent flashfloods. Utah’s unique, arid ecosystems contain over 1,000 slot canyons, the highest concentration of these curious fractures in the world.

Long Dong Silver
While Long Dong Silver is gorgeous, it doesn’t provide much space for photographic creativity.

Before slipping into slots though, we need to discuss spires. After arriving in Hanksville, a group of us set about photographing an elegant spire with a graceless name, Long Dong Silver. Long Dong Silver is close to Hanksville but still remote. Hiking to it is easy if you can figure out where to start. While the name sounds like something a junior high student came up with, the spire itself is magnificent. Furthermore, the entire landscape around Long Dong is crumbling at an extraordinary rate making it feel timeless and temporary all at once. Comprised of delicate shale, all stone surfaces disintegrate when touched, including the spire. Multiple websites claim Long Dong Silver is popular with rock climbers, but I find that hard to believe considering the feature’s fragile nature. A climber in our group said he’d never attempt it as it wouldn’t even hold an anchor. It held up great under a lens though.

Little Wild Horse
The combination of slim and dry makes Little Wild Horse appealing to the casual slot explorer.

Although Baptist Draw, a 3B III slot with some of the highest walls and darkest passages in the San Rafael Swell, was the main reason for this family trip, I found some adventure add-ons in the area, which is my custom. One of these add-ons was the Little Wild Horse Canyon/Bell Canyon Loop. The next morning, we set out to conquer that pretty pony.

Little Wild Horse is classified as a 1A II slot, which means it requires no technical gear and is basically just a regular, dry hike most of the time. All that sets it apart from a trek through any wilderness is squish. As is common with slot canyons, the path through Little Wild Horse becomes tight in sections. It narrows to about three feet wide with walls 50 feet tall for around 10 minutes. This portion, a favorite for many, was my least preferred of the hike. Below I will explain the above.

slot tafoni
Circular weathering can give sandstone a sponge-like appearance known as tafoni. It’s a common feature of slot canyons.

As I mentioned, there are over 1,000 slot canyons in Utah, but they do not receive equal attention. Little Wild Horse, for unknown reasons, has become THE slot to do in the state. By “do,” I do not mean complete. Instead, I mean hike precisely 1.1 miles to reach the slimmest section of the canyon, get your Instagram pictures, turn around, and then push against the flow of all the people heading the other direction in that same three-foot-wide gap. Just to be clear, three feet is roomy enough to fit through without turning sideways, but it is not wide enough for two-way traffic. We ended up waiting a while at the start of that segment for about 30 people to exit before entering, and then we still had to try to squeeze past more groups as we went through. It didn’t work well. I think websites and news stations need to stop promoting that U-turn as the best route for this canyon, and the BLM should make traffic in Little Wild Horse one-way on busy weekends. That’s my two unsolicited cents.

We did eventually make it past that clog and back to enjoying the slender wonders around us. Beyond that popular turnaround point, the people thinned drastically, and we only saw a sprinkling of parties the rest of our trek. What constituted the rest of our trek? Hikers can emerge from Little Wild Horse and travel down a dirt road to access Bell Canyon, another slot. Through Bell they can complete a loop that will return them to the parking lot. This is the path we followed.

Bell Canyon is a Class 3 hike, just one step away from rope requirements. It has more obstacles than Little Wild Horse, in the form of chokestones and pouroffs, making it more challenging and fun. We also appreciated it for what it lacked, namely people. That shortage instantly promoted it to our preferred canyon of the day.

Crack Canyon
Overhanging rock makes a portion of Crack Canyon truly glorious.

While no one hurt themselves navigating the mild obstructions in Bell, I fell and hit my head on a rock while trying to take a picture. Photography is a precarious pastime! Jason was over to me in a jiffy afraid I’d be spouting blood, but no open wounds were generated. I just had a headache and felt a little funky the rest of the night.

We finished the 8-mile Little Wild Horse/Bell loop in about seven hours. I liked Little Wild Horse but felt it was overrated and overused. Bell was better.

The following day was earmarked for Baptist Draw. However, four of us decided not to attempt it based on concerns over the claustrophobic characteristics of the canyon and some irritating injuries. Instead, Jason found Crack for us.

the conclusion of Crack
I could become hooked to this crack.

Crack Canyon is another slot that doesn’t require technical gear at a 2A II classification, at least until a chokestone with a 10-foot drop blocks the way a couple miles in. It took us five hours to complete 4.9 miles RT going through three sections of narrows. We loved this canyon. Everyone agreed they fancied it over those the day before with its bright colors and contrasting whites. Along with tint it provided texture in the form of tafoni, spherical rock cavities resembling the abandoned stone villages of some ancient, miniature civilization. Although the chokestone plunge requiring ropes eventually halted our downstream progress, we experienced the best of the slot beforehand.

Despite its beauty, we saw only a handful of people in Crack. It’s interesting how crowds flock to outdoor destinations selected by their Instagram feeds and miss nature’s true nature.

stone seeker
Digging for rocks is an addicting, time-warping activity.

The next day, my sister was planning on returning home after we made a quick stop with her at a local rock shop, but then the owner told us about a nearby area bursting with jasper due to a recent flood. We couldn’t resist checking it out. Regrettably, we hadn’t brought any of our tools for rockhounding on our vacation. That’s how we ended up with the closest items we could find at Hanksville’s tiny market including gloves, buckets, scrapers, kids’ beach shovels, and even a metal stick of unknown purpose. Our unusual gear worked well enough, and we found buckets of jasper and other forms of chalcedony during two hours that felt like half an hour as rockhounding is a labor of discovery that conceals the passage of time.

After rockhounding, Jason and I headed to Torrey and the next section of our trip. Torrey is a small, artsy town at the mouth of Capitol Reef National Park with excellent food and classy lodgings. We used it as a base for hiking all day and eating all night. That footwork and those gastrointestinal endeavors will be the topics of my next post.

Minidoka and the Moon

Twin Falls, one of southern Idaho’s biggest cities and the “gateway to Snake River Canyon,” has never been a primary destination for Jason and me, until last spring. We won a stay there at a charity event, and now, having enjoyed the national monuments and natural curiosities within its vicinity, I’m not sure why we never went before. Here’s my take on a few of those attractions.

a lunar lookalike
Craters of the Moon got its name because of its resemblance to the surface of the moon.

Unlike Twin Falls, Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, about an hour and a half from Twin Falls, has long intrigued us. Hence, it was goal #1 on this trip. Craters of the Moon became a national monument in 1924 to safeguard “a weird and scenic landscape peculiar to itself.” The monument is positioned on the Great Rift, a volcanic rift zone. A rift zone is a spot where the earth’s crust has been stretched making it prone to basaltic lava eruptions. At Craters of the Moon, that propensity has seen fruition in terrain topped with sheets of severe, undulating crust.

the splendor of contrast
Craters of the Moon becomes a land of ink and frost in winter.

In the monument’s visitor center, we learned the differences between a caldera, cinder cone, and spatter cone. Did you know the type of lava rock that forms from an eruption depends on its silicone content, temperature, and dissolved gasses? Changes in these three factors lead to vastly different rock characteristics. Geology nerds unite!

Craters of the Moon
Craters of the Moon provides five miles of groomed trails and a mile-long snowshoe-only path in winter by shutting their Loop Road to vehicles.

We also discovered that Craters of the Moon is not a hospitable place. Not only is the landscape riddled with jagged lava rocks eager to tear at you, but the environment has many of the harsh aspects of both arctic and desert climates as well. For instance, with cloudless skies the norm, in winter the temperature can drop over 30 degrees within hours of sunset. We experienced a little of that. Most of Craters of the Moon is only accessible via snowshoes or skis during the winter (and spring until the snow melts), which sounded perfect to us. We started snowshoeing shortly after 3:00 and finished around 7:45, about four and a half hours total. Although temperatures were in the mid-40s when we headed out, we soon began shedding beanies and coats. As the sun got lower in the sky, we eagerly put all those layers back on.

rock and ice
Craters of the Moon’s “ocean of lava” was largely hidden below an ocean of frozen water.

We trekked about 4.5 miles including the entire snowshoe trail, which is just a 1.1-mile loop, an unwanted detour down a service road we found indistinguishable from the ski trail, and finally the real ski trail all the way past the Devil’s Orchard. Minimally motivated tourists only ventured down the ski trail for a minute or two past the visitor center. Beyond that, we saw no one our entire excursion. Yeah! While I’m sure this landscape is sharp and amazing in the summer, in the winter it is a stunning study of contrast with dark basalt iced in shimmering snow.

give paws
Past a certain point on our Craters’ journey, paw prints became almost as common as footprints.

Our second day, we altered course and stayed on Earth. We started off with a visit to the Shoshone Falls viewpoint. (Apparently, this is pronounced by locals as show-shown even though the tribe its name comes from is pronounced show-shown-ee.) Shoshone Falls, however you want to pronounce it, is the most popular attraction in the Twin Falls area. It has a 212-foot cascade that is often compared to Niagara since it too is horseshoe-shaped. It is 45-feet taller than that more famous cascade but has a significantly smaller flow rate. Shoshone’s rim is almost 1,000 feet wide, but water rarely flows across the entire block. Instead, it typically separates into several spouts. Apparently, spring is the best time to see the falls as water is diverted heavily in the summer for agricultural and hydroelectric needs. Although it had an impressive pour, it was our least favorite waterfall we encountered that day as we didn’t appreciate all the tourists. Yes, I know I was one of those tourists, so you can call me out for being a self-loathing hypocrite.

Shoshone Falls
Shoshone Falls has been a tourist attraction since the 1860s. Getting to it then was quite an ordeal. Getting to it now requires about a 30-second walk.

The next cascade we viewed was Twin Falls. Twin Falls, the feature that gave the city its name, hasn’t been a pair since the hydroelectric dam stopped one prong of its 125-foot drop back in the 1930s. Its one side was pumping something fierce that day, but it was a bit sad to see the other all parched and unfulfilled. Like Shoshone, Twin Falls is most impressive between March and early June; water is routed elsewhere after that. Jason liked Twin Falls better than Shoshone because we could gawk at it in peace.

Perrine Bridge
Perrine Bridge’s 1,500-foot span is a popular spot for BASE jumping.

Our last spray of the day was Pillar Falls. Pillar Falls is more spectacular as a pillar than a falls, but I get ahead of myself. First, we must discuss getting to it. Its path starts at the rim of Snake River Canyon then drops about 400 feet in a short distance. Eventually, it gets even wilder through some concentrated trees and a few creek crossings until it reaches a strange island in the middle of Snake River dominated by volcanic stone columns and rock-lined pools. Those giant rhyolite boulders, products of volcanic eruptions, were deposited in the river during the Bonneville Flood some 17,400 years ago, like confetti tossed about by a party popper. Multiple respected trail apps and sites report that only 1.1-miles RT and 45 minutes are required to reach Pillar Falls. However, that is incorrect. Based on our experience and mileage trackers, the route is more like 2.2-2.5 miles RT depending on how far it’s possible to navigate around the island at the time of your visit.

snaking into Snake River Canyon
A large portion of the path to Pillar Falls is more of a road than a trail, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy.

Since this peculiar island typically gets swallowed up by the river until water levels drop in the middle of summer, walking through its bizarre boulder towers and weaving ribbons of water was a rare spring treat. As to the falls, they topple unceremoniously from a small ledge on one side of that island into the river. Honestly, they are inconsequential amongst the colossal, warped stones. Please be aware that drownings happen frequently on this island due to underestimates of the currents in its many streams and pools. Be careful if you visit and use good judgement.

Pillar Falls
The pillars of Pillar Falls, misplaced columns of rhyolite, are much more extraordinary than the falls.

Given that I was still recovering from a broken talus bone and lesion, I hiked backward up the steep sections of the route on our return journey from Pillar Falls to keep from irritating my ankle. Have you ever tried to walk over half a mile backward? It looked silly and felt equally awkward, but it seemed to work. My ankle didn’t hurt much after our trek.

Pillar Falls
The Snake River is the ninth-longest river in the United States. Its canyon runs up to 500 feet deep near Twin Falls.

Minidoka National Historic Site is also near Twin Falls and preserves a depressing but significant piece of American history. Minidoka Relocation Center, then called Hunt Camp, became a concentration camp for Japanese Americans in 1942 just months after the attack on Pearl Harbor under the jurisdiction of the War Relocation Authority (WRA). Ten such concentration camps were run by the WRA, and eight others existed under the control of the Department of Justice. We had visited one of the DOJ camps in Missoula, Montana the previous summer and were ready to learn and visualize more about the daily life of those detained under Executive Order 9066 at Minidoka.

Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Roosevelt in February of 1942 granting the US Army the ability to remove all people of Japanese descent from their homes on the West Coast. Through this order, residents of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were incarcerated simply because of their ethnicity. There were no court findings or evidence-based accusations. It was purely racial hysteria fueled by Pearl Harbor and underlying prejudice.

Incarcerees were only allowed to bring a suitcase or two of belongings and given just a week to sell their other possessions. Careers, communities, and autonomy were all severed. Can you imagine having your life’s work- your house, your business, your standing in society- taken from you without any evidence of wrongdoing? I can’t. This was such a clear violation of the Constitution of the United States, why was it allowed to prevail? It was even upheld by the Supreme Court at one point.

the boundaries of civil rights
Portions of Minidoka are surrounded by a replica of the barbed-wire fence once built to keep American citizens contained within.

It was in this frenzy of anti-Japanese sentiment that Minidoka formed. Minidoka housed 9,397 people at its peak in 1943 making it the 7th biggest “city” in Idaho. By the time the camp closed in October of 1945, over 13,000 incarcerees had lived there. It had a 196-bed hospital, two fire stations, a library, multiple schools, a police force, sports teams, theaters, skilled tradesmen, plumbers, electricians, a lumberyard, welders, and auto repair shops. Most of the food required to feed its inhabitants was eventually grown onsite. For instance, in 1944 that equated to 7.3 million pounds of produce. While Hunt Camp became self-sufficient, it certainly didn’t start that way.

Large numbers of people were sent to Minidoka when it was only 75% complete. Amongst the “niceties” not finished for another year was the sewage treatment plant. As you might imagine, poor sanitation led to repeated outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. What was ultimately finished wasn’t much better. Tar-papered barracks with single-room units housed families and bathroom buildings had no privacy as doors were absent by design.

In the Supreme Court Case Ex parte Endo (1944), the court ruled that the WRA had no authority to detain citizens who were concededly loyal regardless of their ethnicity. This was at odds with their Korematsu v. United States decision, also from 1944, in which they upheld the legality of internment camps. Regardless, Ex parte Endo reopened the West Coast to Japanese Americans who had been detained. The racial wrongs didn’t end there though. After Minidoka closed, its land was given to WWII vets for farming via a lottery system. However, vets of Japanese descent were not eligible for this lottery.

The trail through Minidoka is 1.6 miles, only covering a fraction of the camp’s expanse, but it still gives you a deeper appreciation for life in these centers. I’d highly recommend visiting this historic site to gain a tangible connection to this troubling period in American history.

On our way out of town the next day, we stopped at Centennial Park to see Perrine Coulee Falls, a 200-foot gushing attraction. While the pour itself is pretty, it is right next to a road. This lessens its overall appeal. Therefore, I’d recommend Pillar Falls over Perrine Coulee Falls despite Perrine Coulee’s easier access.

Twin Falls wasn’t what we were expecting. It certainly had falls, but we didn’t come across a single twin. It gave us access to important pieces of history and pieces that looked like they belonged on another planet. Overall, I’d say the area is underrated and worth a visit.

The Southwest Tummy Tingles and Gust Brigade

Although we were in Moab just a month earlier and in Sun Valley less than 24 hours prior, we found ourselves in Moab again last March. Prompted by a niece’s spring break, we made use of the opportunity despite the inopportune timing of it. Jason and I acted as tour guides and took our small group of family to Canyonlands, Arches, and Dead Horse Point. The weather wasn’t ideal as the threat of rain was nearly constant. Mother Nature didn’t hold back, and we didn’t let that hold us back. In the end, the wind was peskier than the precipitation, yet it didn’t keep us from precipices. There were many tummy-tingling moments on this stormy retreat, and I’m going to tell you all about them.

Island in the Sky
Canyonlands National Park has three distinct districts separated by rivers. Island in the Sky, one of those districts, receives 77% of park visitors due in part to its proximity to Moab.

The Island in the Sky district of Canyonlands National Park was first on our agenda. When we initially arrived, the park’s renowned prospects were hidden by a thick layer of mist clinging to its sheer sedimentary escarpments. Also, it was snowing. According to an employee, conditions like these are uncommon in the park and a special treat. We did a very standard thing in the un-standard weather, we hiked to Mesa Arch (0.5 miles RT) hoping for the vapor to clear before we undertook other treks that were more view oriented. Mesa Arch is always a popular trail, but at least it wasn’t at peak tourist flow on this particular afternoon.

Mesa Arch
Mesa Arch is one of the most popular hikes in Canyonlands because it’s easy yet rewarding.

Afterward, we took the group on one of our favorite hikes in the park, the White Rim Overlook, as the fog had thinned. With just 1.8 miles RT, you get a jaw dropping reveal of the White Rim as it loops between one 1,000-foot ledge and another, a ribbon of chalky alabaster twisting through the flushed desert. At the trail’s terminus, the massive boulders perched on the edge of that parched abyss beckoned, as they always do, and we stepped out farther than our self-preservation appreciated while remaining safe. What a cool path and endpoint! We were expecting a drenching during this hike. It didn’t happen, but the rain began in earnest just as we were finishing.

White Rim Overlook
Veiled in a wispy mantle, the prospects at Island in the Sky were obscured at times, but we loved the dreamy new take on this familiar place.
White Rim revealed
Within minutes, the outlook from the White Rim Overlook drastically altered as the drifting mist, like a frothy topping, melted away.

The next day was supposed to be windy and wet, as in 35 MPH and sopping. The wet came and went early in the morning before we made it out on a trail. The wind came and stayed. We decided to hike the Devil’s Garden Trail in Arches National Park with some extra spurs to Navajo, Partition, Pine Tree, and Tunnel Arches, a total of six miles. The Devil’s Garden has a few adventurous sections and provides many opportunities for arch encounters. It can get quite busy, but on this blustery day the tourist numbers were manageable.

Partition Arch
Partition is my favorite arch in Arches National Park.
peeping at Partition
…and I’m not the only one fascinated by it.

The wind was also manageable, except at Navajo Arch. At Navajo, the drafts funneled to about 50 MPH freezing our appendages and turning our hair into strand tornadoes. Another oddity at Navajo was the sea of rainwater filling its alcove and oozing out of its mouth, a memento from its recent drenching.

Navajo Arch
The wind at Navajo Arch was relentlessly focused.

Recall the adventurous sections I mentioned earlier? As the path nears Double O Arch, it runs along a fin about six feet wide with drop-offs on either side, one of them much more substantial. While this short section is completely doable for the surefooted, it may be daunting to those height adverse. My sister wanted to turn around when we were two-thirds through it. I reminded her we would still have two-thirds to do and none of the reward if we went back, which kept her going. It was quite gusty up on the fin, adding to the sense of precariousness, but I’d speculate that it’s always blustery up there. Double O is one of my favorite arches in the park, so I didn’t second guess the willingness of my feet to keep moving.

Double O
Double O Arch is 71 feet across making it Arches’ second-largest arch.
a Double O double take
From the other side, Double O looks like a completely different hole.

Since we were so close to the Dark Angel, Jason and I wanted to continue to it even if the others were too tired or afraid of the approaching dark to join us. However, curiosity beat exhaustion, and we all visited the angel. The Dark Angel is the last remains of a fin. It towers 150 feet above the surrounding stone and sand. The path to it from Double O Arch nears the boundaries of the park and provides context for how Arches connects to Salt Valley and Klondike Bluffs. Our devilish route, with all its add-ons, took us longer than expected, and we made it back just before dark, which is earlier than most Sabin hikes end.

Dead Horse Point
Precipices are ubiquitous at Dead Horse Point, one of Utah’s most visited state parks.

Before returning home the next day, we stopped at Dead Horse Point State Park. Dead Horse Point is located on a different portion of the same plateau crowned by Island in the Sky. The trails around its rim are more like walks than hikes, so we took a walk. Compared to the other days, the weather was mild during this outing. A couple jackets were necessary, but it was sunny and not madly windy. We did the East and West Rim Trails plus the spurs to the Basin, Meander, Shafer, and Rim Overlooks, 4.75 miles in all. You grow accustomed to the omnipresent drop-offs as you stroll these paths, and they don’t impact your tummy as much as originally. On a viewpoint sidenote, while the Dead Horse Point Overlook, which is at the end of the plateau, may have the best views, my favorite is Shafer. At Shafer, there are convenient rocks to use as contemplation or lunch spots.

On this impromptu trip, we encountered a range of tummy intimidators from direct drop-offs to precarious-to-pass fins. Plus, unusually wet and turbulent weather put a surreal and zesty veneer on one of our favorite fiery landscapes. Hooray for Moab tummy intimidation and variation!